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The following outline is presented as an overview of and topical guide to German expressions in English: A German expression in English is a German loanword, term, phrase, or quotation incorporated into the English language. A loanword is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language without translation. It is distinguished from a calque, or loan translation, where a meaning or idiom from another language is translated into existing words or roots of the host language. Some of the expressions are relatively common (e.g. ''hamburger''), but most are comparatively rare. In many cases the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its German forebear. English and German both are West Germanic languages, though their relationship has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse and Norman French (as a consequence of the Norman conquest of England in 1066) on English as well as the High German consonant shift. In recent years, however, many English words have been borrowed directly from German. Typically, English spellings of German loanwords suppress any umlauts (the superscript, double-dot diacritic in ''Ä'', ''Ö'', ''Ü'', ''ä'', ''ö'' and ''ü'') of the original word or replace the umlaut letters with ''Ae'', ''Oe'', ''Ue'', ''ae'', ''oe'', ''ue'', respectively (as is done commonly in German speaking countries when the umlaut is not available; the origin of the umlaut was a superscript E). German words have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons: *German cultural artifacts, especially foods, have spread to English-speaking nations and often are identified either by their original German names or by German-sounding English names *Developments and discoveries in German-speaking nations in science, scholarship, and classical music have led to German words for new concepts, which have been adopted into English: for example the words ''doppelgänger'' and ''angst'' in psychology. *Discussion of German history and culture requires some German words. *Some German words are used in English narrative to identify that the subject expressed is in German, e.g. ''Frau'', ''Reich''. As languages, English and German descend from the common ancestor language West Germanic and further back to Proto-Germanic; because of this, some English words are essentially identical to their German lexical counterparts, either in spelling (''Hand'', ''Sand'', ''Finger'') or pronunciation (''fish'' = ''Fisch'', ''mouse'' = ''Maus''), or both (''Arm'', ''Ring''); these are excluded from this list. German common nouns adopted into English are in general not initially capitalised, and the ß is generally changed to ss. == German terms commonly used in English == Most of these words will be recognized by many English speakers; they are commonly used in English contexts. Some, such as ''wurst'' and ''pumpernickel'', retain German connotations, while others, such as ''lager'' and ''hamburger'', retain none. Not every word is recognizable outside its relevant context. A number of these expressions are used in American English, under the influence of German immigration, but not in British English. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Outline of German expressions in English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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